The Role of the National Green Tribunal in Ensuring Access to Environmental Justice: A Critical Evaluation

Abstract

Environmental degradation has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of the modern era. Rapid industrialization, urbanization, deforestation, pollution, climate change, and unsustainable exploitation of natural resources have significantly affected ecological balance and public health. In India, environmental disputes have increased considerably, requiring specialized mechanisms capable of addressing complex scientific and legal issues. Recognizing the limitations of conventional courts in dealing with environmental litigation, Parliament enacted the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 and established the National Green Tribunal (NGT) as a specialized forum for environmental adjudication. The Tribunal was created to ensure effective and expeditious disposal of environmental disputes and to provide relief and compensation to victims of environmental damage. Since its establishment, the NGT has played a significant role in promoting environmental governance, enforcing environmental laws, and advancing principles such as sustainable development, the precautionary principle, and the polluter pays principle. However, concerns continue to exist regarding jurisdictional limitations, infrastructural challenges, implementation of orders, and accessibility. This paper critically evaluates the role of the National Green Tribunal in ensuring environmental justice in India. It examines the constitutional and statutory framework of the Tribunal, analyses landmark decisions, assesses its contribution to environmental protection, and identifies challenges that affect its effectiveness. The study concludes that while the NGT has substantially strengthened environmental governance, continuous reforms are necessary to enhance its institutional capacity and effectiveness.

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